Actually, my book entitled "The Olympics and The Japanese Spirit" published last year was translated into English this year by an American, Dr. Robert D. Eldridge.
For the English version, I put some modifications in the book and added a chapter about the Tokyo Olympics and The New National Stadium. On this celebration day, I would like to quote this chapter as below. I hope you will enjoy reading it.
(日本語版はこちら:https://kunikosuzuki.blogspot.com/2019/11/blog-post.html)
The Tokyo Olympics and the New National Stadium
It wouldn’t do to not touch upon the construction of the National Stadium while writing about “Japanese Culture and the Olympics.” I felt it deserved its own chapter.
Recently I’ve been reading numerous works by the world-famous architect, Kuma Kengo, who is the architect of the new national stadium and had previously designed the world-famous Portland Japanese Garden.[i] I’ve come to understand, through his Naze Boku ga Shinkokuritsu Kyōgijō o Tsukuru no ka (Why am I Building the New National Stadium), for example, that the stadiums that symbolize the Olympics, especially both the old and new National Stadiums here in Japan itself, are themselves part of culture and reflect the era and nation in which they were built. It was seeing the National Stadium designed by Tange Kenzō for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics that made Kuma Kengo want to become an architect. Architecture also can be art.
The process for the construction of the new national stadium for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics was a complicated one. Initially a proposal by Zaha Hadid, an Iraqi female architect, was chosen through the New National Stadium Japan International Design Competition. This choice drew my interest, both because a woman had been chosen and because she was originally from Iraq, a country that is still in chaos. This decision would be reexamined for cost and environmental reasons, however. Ultimately, a new competition held and a joint venture by Taisei Corporation, Azusa Sekkei, and Kengo Kuma & Associations was contracted to build the stadium.[ii]
While the 1964 National Stadium was an architectural work that symbolized Japan’s high-speed economic growth era, recovery from the devastation of World War II, and the national enthusiasm for hosting Japan’s first Olympics, the New National Stadium for the 2020 games—which will be larger in both size and capacity—uses different concepts to represent Japan. This is also mentioned in the above referenced work, but the architecture of the building makes extensive use of wood and makes the most of the environment of the nearby outer gardens of Meiji Shrine.
It has long been said that Japan has a culture of wood and Europe has a culture of stone. In Japan, people live in wooden buildings that allow wind to flow through them and they’ve stored their treasures in the same. The Tsurezuregusa (a medieval collection of essays) envisions cool homes that wind can easily enter, noting that “homes should be made with the summer in mind.” The Shōsōin is a raised wooden storehouse where treasures that arrived in Japan hundreds or even thousands of years ago from far off places along the Silk Road are preserved with care. Meanwhile, the West has strong brick walls that prioritize warmth over allowing air to pass. Stone walls also served as barriers offering protection from enemies and fire.
Japan’s shrines and temples were originally built in places of abundant nature, in the mountains or woods. While you will now sometimes see torii gates and small shrines in the middle of cities, surrounded by concrete buildings, they were originally placed away from human habitation. Even when inside towns they would be in places lush with greenery. This is because the Japanese people treasure coexistence with nature and believed that the gods lived in it. Of course, there were similar beliefs in the West, such as the belief in Finland and other countries that fairies lived in the woods. These beliefs produced Christmas and other unique cultural practices. But in the Japanese language we do not, for example, speak of “conquering” mountains. We believe that everything—mountains, stones along the roadside, insects—is equal to humanity and we value coexistence and harmony with nature.
The New National Shrine, a massive building, is being built in the outer gardens of Meiji Shrine. Many trees are being used in its construction. Trees and forests cannot live without water. This is why, at the entrances to shrines, there will be a place with running water that can be used to purify your hands and rinse your mouth. It has been said that with the construction of the New National Stadium, the portion of the Shibuya River that was covered up at the time of the former National Stadium’s construction will be restored. I look forward to the water’s return.
On October 10, 2018, the 54th anniversary of the first Tokyo Olympics, I went out to see the New National Stadium as it was under construction. I’ll reproduce here these impressions, borrowing from what I wrote on my blog at that time.[iii]
This
lively 85-year-old man, who rides his bicycle at a speed that would put younger
people to shame, has had to move twice because of the construction of national
stadiums. He still lives near the Meiji Shrine outer gardens, however, and I’ve
been able to interview him twice.
His name is Jinno Kōhei. One of nine brothers, he
created a family baseball team that used to play sandlot ball in the outer
gardens. He lived in a large house until the construction of the National
Stadium for the 1964 Olympics forced him to move into a small apartment. He was
still happy about the Olympics however, collecting the commemorative stamps and
coins issued at the time and buying tickets to events. He used to run a general
store (selling stationary and the like) outside of the stadium. The small
shopping area had a community and he enjoyed the neighborhood's festivals and
events.
He had to move again with the building of the New National Stadium and the shopping area’s community was dispersed. He now lives in city housing but doesn’t know the people there and he can't hold festivals the way he used to. He always spoke with a smile and didn’t show any anger about being evicted. But he had a slightly lonely expression as he showed me photos of the old festivals and thought of the past. Even so, he told me that he’s busy volunteering at elementary schools and a center for the elderly. He enjoys playing jump rope and making rice cakes at elementary schools and kindergartens. Both are activities where teamwork and rhythm are important. Jinno said that in any case, he enjoys playing outside with children. The idea of incorporating sports and traditional culture into education has some similarities with the thinking of Baron de Coubertin, the creator of the modern Olympics.
Viewing the under-construction New National Stadium that he had designed from above, Kuma said the following: “It’s best if people can live in a way that treats each neighborhood identity as important, for them to say ‘I live in Kagurazaka’ or ‘I’m living in Ikebukuro.’ The role of community is extremely important in that sense.”[v]
It occurred to me that no one valued that kind of community more than Jinno. He had enjoyed playing, working, and interacting with people in the shrine’s outer gardens every day, whether it was hot or cold out. He had lived that way for decades. I’m sure he would have said, “I’m enjoying living here.” The smiling face of that old man on a bicycle with his hat just came to mind.
[i] See, for
example, Kuma Kengo, Shizen na Kenchiku
[Natural Architecture], (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2008); Kuma Kengo, Naze Boku ga Shin Kokuritsu Kyōgijō o Tsukuru no ka: Kenchikuka Kuma
Kengo no Kakugō
[Why am I Building the New National Stadium: The
Architect Kuma Kengo's Resolve], (Tokyo: Nikkei BP, 2016); and Yōrō Takeshi and Kuma Kengo, Nihonjin wa Dō
Sumau Beki ka? (How Should the Japanese Live?), (Tokyo:
Shinchōsha,
2012).
[iii] “October
10 Health and Sports Day (Olympic Walking Path),” from Suzuki Kuniko’s Blog,
“Building Our Future,” for October 12, 2018.
[iv] In “From
Concrete to Wood: What Comes After Industrial Society,” the third lecture in
Professor Kuma Kengo's final lecture series held at the University of Tokyo’s
Yasuda Auditorium on June 1, 2019, Kuma spoke about using cedar from all
forty-seven prefectures in the building of the New National Stadium. Fukao
Seiichi, who was also in attendance, revealed that pine was substituted for
Okinawa prefecture, as cedar does not grow there.
[v] “Tokyo
Mirai Gorin ga Kono Machi o Tsukutta, Kenchikuka Kuma Kengo x Shin Kokuritsu
Kyogijo [Future Tokyo The Olympics Made This Town Architect Kuma Kengo and the
New National Stadium],” Yomiuri Shimbun,
February 14, 2019, p. 21